COVID-19 vaccine weekly safety report - 02-09-2021
Vaccination against COVID-19 is the most effective way to reduce deaths and severe illness from infection. Two COVID-19 vaccines are currently in use in Australia – Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) and Comirnaty (Pfizer). Recently, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) granted provisional approval for another vaccine called Spikevax (Moderna).
Like all medicines, COVID-19 vaccines have some side effects. These need to be continuously balanced against the expected benefits in preventing illness and death from COVID-19 disease. The overwhelming majority of side effects are mild and resolve within a few days.
The TGA closely monitors reports of suspected side effects (also known as adverse events). Importantly, adverse events reported to the TGA are often not caused by the vaccine itself. Learn more about causality and the TGA’s COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring and reporting activities.
Summary
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To 29 August 2021, over 19 million vaccine doses have been given in Australia – approximately 12 million first doses and 7 million second doses.
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The TGA is continually monitoring the safety of the COVID-19 vaccines. The most frequently reported side effects suspected to be associated with the vaccines reflect what was seen in the clinical trials and include injection-site reactions such as a sore arm, and more general symptoms such as headache, muscle pain, fever and chills.
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We are closely monitoring rare reports of blood clots with low blood platelets (also called thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome or TTS) which have been found to be linked to the Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine. Early detection of this syndrome may help to prevent more serious complications developing and guidance for health professionals is now available - external site.
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In the last week, an additional 9 reports of blood clots and low blood platelets have been assessed as confirmed or probable TTS. Sadly, two people died this week – a 59-year-old woman from Queensland with confirmed TTS and a 54-year-old man from NSW with probable TTS. Both were following their first dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine. The TGA extends its sincerest condolences to her family and loved ones. We are in close communication with the Queensland and NSW authorities who are undertaking further investigation of these cases.
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The protective benefits of vaccination against COVID-19 far outweigh the potential risks of vaccination.
The Database of Adverse Event Notifications (DAEN) is currently unavailable due to performance issues resulting from high rates of access. This is being investigated as a priority. We will provide further information on our website when it is available again.
Reported side effects for COVID-19 vaccines
Gathering reports of adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) is just the first step in determining whether the effect is related to the vaccine and whether a significant safety issue is involved. Learn more about how the TGA identifies and responds to safety issues.
In the week of 23-29 August 2021, staff at the TGA have accepted an additional 2,167 AEFI reports into our internal database for COVID-19 vaccines.
Large scale vaccination means that coincidentally some people will experience a new illness or die within a few days or weeks of vaccination.
The TGA reviews all deaths reported in people who have received the vaccination. We also monitor reports for signals that may relate to vaccine safety to distinguish between coincidental events and possible side effects of the vaccine. As the number of vaccinated people has increased, so has reporting of fatal events with a coincidental association with vaccination. This does not indicate a link between vaccination and the fatalities reported. Review of individual reports and patterns of reporting does not suggest the vaccines played a role in these deaths.
Since the beginning of the vaccine rollout to 29 August 2021, over 19 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been given. So far, the TGA has found that 9 reports of deaths were linked to immunisation from 495 reports received and reviewed. These deaths occurred after the first dose of the Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine – 8 were TTS cases and 1 was a case of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).
Most commonly reported vaccine side effects
The most common adverse effects reported to the TGA following immunisation are predictable and have been observed with many vaccines. They include headache, muscle pain, fever, chills and injection-site reactions for both vaccines.
Monitoring of less common adverse events
The TGA, like other vaccine safety programs around the world, is continually monitoring for less common adverse events. This helps us to confirm the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines, particularly for rare side effects.
Latest immunisation recommendations
COVID-19 vaccination recommended in 12– 15-year-olds
After review of the evidence from clinical trials and oversea vaccination programs, the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) recommends vaccination of all adolescents from 12 years of age - external site. This extends the current recommendation for those aged 16 years and older. A two-dose schedule of the Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine is currently recommended.
In making this decision, ATAGI reviewed the safety and protective benefits of vaccination for adolescents. ATAGI also considered the benefits for the broader population as vaccinating adolescents is anticipated to reduce community transmission. Other indirect benefits such as adolescent wellbeing and education were also considered.
COVID-19 outbreaks with the Delta variant
As COVID-19 outbreaks in NSW, ACT and Victoria continue, the risk of contracting COVID-19 disease remains significant. Data from the NSW outbreak - external site demonstrates that vaccination protects people from infection and in the small number of vaccinated people who become infected it significantly reduces the severity of disease.
Vaccination during pregnancy and lactation
The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG) recommend immunisation during pregnancy with the Comirnaty (Pfizer) or Spikevax (Moderna) vaccine - external site. This is due to the higher risk of complications from COVID-19 disease for pregnant women and their unborn baby. Global evidence has shown these vaccines are safe for pregnant women.
Pregnant women who have already received a first dose of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) can get either the Comirnaty (Pfizer), Spikevax (Moderna) or Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine for their second dose. Vaccination is recommended for breastfeeding women. All three vaccines are considered safe and women do not have to stop breastfeeding before or after vaccination.
More details are given on the RANZCOG website - external site.
Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine
To 29 August 2021, approximately 9.6 million doses of the Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine have been administered in Australia. The reports of suspected side effects we receive for this vaccine are consistent with what is being observed internationally. Most are expected side effects that resolve within a few days.
Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS)
Early detection of TTS may help to prevent more serious complications developing. Guidance for health professionals is now available - external site which outlines when to suspect TTS, initial tests that can be performed in primary care and when to refer people for emergency care. Patients presenting with low platelets and a headache should be thoroughly investigated for blood clots in the brain, including careful review of imaging results to identify early, small clots. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists have published imaging recommendations - external site for patients with suspected TTS.
People should seek immediate medical attention if they develop any of the following symptoms after vaccination:
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severe or persistent headache, blurred vision, confusion or seizures
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shortness of breath, chest pain, leg swelling or persistent abdominal pain
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unusual skin bruising and/or pinpoint round spots beyond the site of vaccination.
The most common time period for onset of TTS symptoms is 4–30 days after vaccination.
TTS is a rare event involving serious blood clots with a low blood platelet count. It is triggered by the immune system’s response to Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) and is different from other clotting conditions.
To date, there have been 125 cases of TTS assessed as related to the Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine from approximately 9.6 million vaccine doses. These cases most often occurred about 2 weeks after vaccination. So far in Australia, all of the TTS cases have occurred after a first dose of the vaccine. Women in younger age groups seem to be slightly more likely to develop clots in unusual locations, such as the brain or abdomen, which have more serious outcomes. Eight people have died as a result of TTS – 6 of these were women. In Australia, the risk of dying from TTS after vaccination is less than 1 in a million (people receiving a first dose).
While TTS is very rare, some people may have concerns that they can discuss with their doctor. 'Weighing up the potential benefits against risk of harm from COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca - external site' includes information to help people make informed decisions about vaccination.
Details of TTS cases to date
Since last week’s report, a further 9 reports of blood clots and low blood platelets have been assessed as confirmed or probable TTS likely to be linked to the first dose of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca). Sadly, two people died this week – a 59-year-old woman from Queensland with confirmed TTS and a 54-year-old man from NSW with probable TTS. The TGA extends its sincerest condolences to her family and loved ones. We are in close communication with the Queensland authorities who are undertaking further investigation of this case.
More than half of the new cases of TTS reported this week were in individuals aged 60 years or over (Table 1). We are closely monitoring cases of TTS as Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) is now being used more frequently in people aged under 60 years. To date, we have not observed a significant change in the rate of TTS in this age group.
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New confirmed TTS |
New probable TTS |
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Two new cases:
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Seven new cases:
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‡As previously reported, the TGA determines whether a report is likely to represent TTS by assessing cases against accepted criteria established by the UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.
This takes the total Australian reports assessed as TTS following the Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine to 125 cases (69 confirmed, 56 probable) from approximately 9.6 million vaccine doses.
We continue to investigate suspected cases of TTS following the second dose of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca). To date, none of these cases have been definitively linked to vaccination. Investigations overseas have shown that the risk of TTS after the second dose is extremely low (for example, 1.8 cases per million based on data from the UK - external site).
When assessed against the criteria used by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - external site (CDC), fewer than half of the cases reported to the TGA are classified as Tier 1 cases which tend to have more serious outcomes. Tier 1 cases involve clots in an unusual location, such as the brain or abdomen (Table 2).
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Age |
Total cases |
Reports per 100,000 doses‡ |
CDC classification† |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Tier 1 |
Tier 2 |
Not classified |
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<30 years |
5 |
2.2 (<50 years) |
2 |
1 |
2 |
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30-39 |
3 |
3 |
- |
- |
|
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40-49 |
6 |
6 |
- |
- |
|
|
50-59 |
29 |
2.6 |
15 |
9 |
5 |
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60-69 |
31 |
1.7 |
10 |
8 |
13 |
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70-79 |
34 |
2.1 |
9 |
10 |
15 |
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80+ |
17 |
1.6 |
4 |
6 |
7 |
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All ages |
125 (55 men, 70 women) |
2.0 |
49 (15 men, 34 women) |
34 (19 men, 15 women) |
42 (21 men, 21 women) |
‡ Rates of TTS are calculated based on first doses of the Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine as of 19 August to account for the time to onset of TTS. These rates are estimates of risk based on small numbers of cases so far.
† The US CDC classification is defined as:
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Tier 1 = clots in an unusual location (such as the brain or abdomen) and a low platelet count with or without antibodies that activate platelets (anti-PF4 antibodies)
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Tier 2 = clots found in common locations (such as the leg or lungs) and a low platelet count and anti-PF4 antibodies
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Not classified = case does not meet the criteria for Tier 1 or Tier 2 (for example clots in common locations with low platelet count but no evidence of anti-PF4 antibodies).
Cases have most often occurred about 2 weeks after vaccination, although the time to onset (or diagnosis) has ranged from one to 83 days (Table 3). To date, cases presenting with a longer time to onset (over 50 days) have been designated as probable cases and have presented with common forms of clots. It can be difficult to distinguish between normal clots and TTS for these cases and they remain under investigation. As more is learnt about TTS internationally, we are considering modifying our case criteria, such as including the time to onset of symptoms as part of the criteria for confirming TTS. If the criteria are updated, it may result in some cases being reclassified as unlikely to be TTS because they present such a long time after vaccination and/or are likely to be due to other causes.
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Time to onset/ diagnosis (days) |
Median (range) |
12 (1-83) |
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Treated in ICU |
At any point |
36 |
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Currently |
3 |
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Outcome |
Discharged |
101 |
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In hospital |
16 |
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Fatal |
8 |
*Data is based on the most recent medical information available to the TGA
Other safety signals with the Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)
GBS is a rare immune disorder affecting the nerves and can result in pain, numbness, muscle weakness and difficulty walking. It has been associated with COVID-19 infection as well as other infectious diseases. Following rigorous investigations by the TGA and other international drug regulators, a clear link between GBS and the Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine has not been established. However as a precautionary measure, a warning statement about GBS has been added to the Product Information - external site in response to rare cases following vaccination.
To 29 August 2021, the TGA has received 99 reports mentioning GBS occurring after vaccination with Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca). These cases will be considered as part of our ongoing monitoring of this signal.
We encourage people to seek medical attention if they experience symptoms that could suggest GBS as early medical care can reduce severity and improve outcomes. Symptoms to look out for include weakness and paralysis in the hands or feet that can progress to the chest and face over a few days or weeks. These tend to affect both sides of the body.
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
The TGA continues to monitor and investigate reports of suspected ITP, a type of thrombocytopenia or low platelet count. We will communicate the outcomes of this investigation, including any regulatory actions, when it is complete. To 29 August 2021, the TGA has received 61 reports of suspected ITP following vaccination. These patients had an extremely low platelet count, and signs of thrombocytopenia which may include unusual bruising, a nosebleed and/or blood blisters in the mouth. Their symptoms occurred in a timeframe that suggested they could be linked to vaccination and no other obvious cause was identified based on the information provided to TGA. However, apart from one fatal case that was assessed by an expert Vaccine Safety Investigation Group as being likely to be vaccine related, these cases have not been definitively linked to vaccination.
ITP can occur when the immune system is activated, for example by a viral infection or vaccination, and mistakenly destroys platelets which help blood to clot. In many cases it is mild with up to a third of people having no symptoms at all, or only minor bruising. However, about 5% develop severe bleeding.
We encourage people to seek medical attention if they experience signs and symptoms that could suggest ITP, such as unusual skin bruising or clusters of small red or purple spots that do not lose their colour when pressed. Unusual bleeding is another sign, for example bleeding from the nose or mouth that is hard to stop, or blood in the urine or stools.
Up-to-date information about the expected side effects of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) can be found in the Consumer Medicine Information - external site (for consumers) and Product Information - external site (for health professionals).
Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine
To 29 August 2021, approximately 9.4 million doses of Comirnaty (Pfizer) have been administered in Australia. Reports of suspected side effects of the Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine received by the TGA are consistent with what has been observed in the clinical trials and by other medicine regulators overseas.
Myocarditis and pericarditis
Following investigations by the TGA and international drug regulators, a warning statement about myocarditis (inflammation of the heart) and pericarditis (inflammation of the membrane around the heart) has been included in the Consumer Medicine Information - external site and Product Information - external site for Comirnaty (Pfizer).
These rare effects on the heart typically occur within 10 days of vaccination, particularly after the second dose of Comirnaty (Pfizer) and more often in younger men. While cases are usually transient and resolve following rest, some patients require treatment in hospital.
In Australia, the vaccine is now recommended for adolescents aged 12 years and over. In data from the US, where many more Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine doses have been given to individuals aged 12–17 years, the rates of myocarditis/pericarditis reported in males were 10 cases per million first doses and 67 cases per million second doses. The vast majority of these cases were mild and the patients recovered quickly following supportive care.
To 29 August 2021, we have received 293 reports of suspected myocarditis and/or pericarditis following vaccination with Comirnaty (Pfizer). Nine of these reports were in children – 8 boys and 1 girl, all aged 16 or 17 years old. Three cases occurred after the first dose and 6 after the second dose. We continue to monitor and review reports of suspected myocarditis/pericarditis occurring after vaccination and will communicate new information identified from our ongoing surveillance activities.
We know that myocarditis and pericarditis are much more common with COVID-19 infection and damage to the heart is frequently severe after infection. ATAGI, in collaboration with Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ), have emphasised that the protective benefits of the Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine greatly outweigh the risk of these rare side effects - external site.
We encourage people to seek medical attention if they experience symptoms that could suggest myocarditis or pericarditis. This includes chest pain, palpitations (irregular heartbeat) fainting or shortness of breath after receiving the vaccine, particularly if they occur within 1–5 days. Initial tests for those presenting with symptoms include ECG, troponin and chest X-ray.
Up-to-date information about Comirnaty (Pfizer) can be found in the Consumer Medicine Information - external site (for consumers) and Product Information - external site (for health professionals).
Useful links
Latest COVID-19 weekly surveillance in NSW - external site
Coronavirus (COVID-19) case numbers and statistics - external site
COVID-19 vaccines: Frequently asked questions – 15 July 2021 - external site
COVID vaccines – is it true? 14 July 2021 - external site
Australian Government Department of Health COVID-19 vaccines - external site hub
AusVaxSafety (active surveillance activities and information) - external site
COVID-19 vaccine symptom checker - external site
Database of Adverse Event Notifications (DAEN) - external site
Advice on COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy – 9 June 2021 - external site
Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine – phase III clinical trial - external site
AstraZeneca vaccine – phase III clinical trial - external site
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