Reporting medicine shortages and discontinued supply in Australia

Medicine shortages have become an increasing problem in recent years for a number of reasons, including a decrease in the local manufacture of prescription medicines, and the increasingly globalised nature of supply chains.

A Medicine Shortages Information Initiative (MSII) and website was launched in 2014 by the TGA. This was a voluntary notification scheme where sponsors were encouraged to notify the TGA of medicine shortages, but reporting was not compulsory. 

Under that scheme, however, a significant number of medicine shortages of critical impact on patients had not been reported, notwithstanding considerable encouragement from the TGA for greater industry engagement.

As such, the voluntary arrangements did not provide a sufficient incentive for sponsors to report when their product would be in shortage, meaning that the information available on the TGA's website in relation to shortages, notified under the MSII, was not a complete or current source of information about medicine shortages.

In response to the issues experienced with the voluntary scheme, a Medicine Shortages Working Party comprised of the Medicines Partnership of Australia, the Australian Medical Association and the Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia, and chaired by the Department of Health, developed a revised protocol for the management and communication of shortages. 

This involved mandatory confidential reporting of all shortages to the TGA, the publication of those shortages that are of particular impact on patients and the development of a more transparent and action-oriented approach to the management of confirmed and serious medicines shortages.

The Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (the Act) was amended effective 1 January 2019 to introduce a mandatory reporting scheme for medicine shortages and permanent discontinuations of supply of mostly prescription medicines. 

The Act was further amended effective 22 September 2023 to clarify the requirement to notify changes to the duration or end date, and confirm the resolution of, a previously notified shortage. 

The scheme makes the timely reporting of all medicine shortages in Australia mandatory, in order to enable public communication to those impacted, alternative supplies to be accessed and timely discussion by the TGA with the affected sponsor and, separately, other potential suppliers, regarding suitable therapeutic alternatives.

The new scheme applies to reportable medicines; that is, registered goods that are principally prescription medicines, and other medicines that are registered in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods for which the Minister determines, in a legislative instrument, that they should be covered by the scheme in the interests of public health.¹

The reporting requirements require sponsors of reportable medicines to notify the Secretary, using the approved form, of any shortage or permanent discontinuation of their product:

• for a shortage of 'critical impact' or changes to the duration or end date of such a shortage - as soon as possible, but no later than 2 working days after they know or ought to have reasonably known of the shortage;
• for any other shortage or changes to the duration or end date of such a shortage - within 10 working days after they know or ought to have reasonably known of the shortage;
• for a discontinuation of 'critical impact' - at least 12 months before the discontinuation would occur or, if this is not possible, as soon as practicable after the sponsor's decision;
• for any other discontinuation - at least 6 months before the discontinuation would occur or, if this is not possible, as soon as practicable after the decision.²

The period of shortage starts on the day the supply of that medicine in Australia will not, or will not be likely to, meet the demand for the medicine for all of the patients in Australia. The period of shortage ends the day before the day the supply of that medicine in Australia will (or will likely) meet demand.

A medicine is in 'shortage' if its supply in Australia will not, or will not likely, meet the demand for it at any time in the next 6 months, for all the patients in Australia who take it or who may need to take it.³ A shortage is determined at a national level, and instances of unavailability or short supply that only occur at particular locations are not shortages under the Act.

In relation to the reporting of shortages within the above timeframes, the requirement to do so only applies after the sponsor has considered all the information that it needs to take account of for the purposes of identifying if its medicine will, or will likely, be in shortage.

A shortage or a decision to permanently discontinue a reportable medicine is of 'critical impact' (meaning that the shorter notification timeframes outlined above would apply) where either:

• the reportable medicine is included in a legislative instrument made by the Minister, known as the Medicines Watch List, signalling that the Minister is satisfied that a shortage or permanent discontinuation of that product could cause significant morbidity or death for patients in Australia; or
• there are no other registered medicines that could reasonably be used as a substitute for the medicine or, if there are, it is not likely that there would be enough of such substitutes to meet the demand for the supply of them as a result of the reportable medicine's shortage or discontinuation.⁴

The Medicines Watch List is designed to provide certainty for sponsors and the public in relation to the reporting obligations for shortages and discontinuations of medicines included on the list, while also providing the appropriate level of flexibility to ensure the list continues to reflect medicines for which a shortage or permanent discontinuation is appropriately deemed to be critical.

Further information on medicine shortage reporting requirements and obligations of sponsors can be viewed on the TGA website at https://apps.tga.gov.au/prod/MSI/search - external site 

Civil penalty provisions

Civil penalties apply where sponsors do not notify the Secretary of a shortage or permanent discontinuation of a reportable medicine within the applicable timeframes set out in the Act, with a maximum civil penalty in either instance of 100 penalty units for an individual and 1,000 penalty units for a body corporate.⁵

Exceptions to the above civil penalties applies where, for a medicine that is not in the Medicines Watch List, it was reasonable for a sponsor to assume that their shortage or permanent discontinuation was not of critical impact and the sponsor reported it in accordance with the non-critical requirements, but the shortage or discontinuation was later identified to be of critical impact. 

Sponsors who have already notified a shortage are not required to re-notify that shortage if duration and end date remain unchanged (subsection 30EF(8)). However, sponsors are required to notify that a shortage has been resolved or if the duration or end date of the shortage change (subsection 30EFA (1) and (2).

Section 42YCA of the Act provides for daily penalties for continuing contraventions of civil penalty provisions and applies to subsection 30EF(6). This has the effect that the obligation of the sponsor to report a medicine shortage will continue until a report has been made, and is not discharged upon expiration of the deadline. A separate contravention of the civil penalty provision will be incurred for every day the obligation is not met.

Section 42YK empowers the Secretary to issue an infringement notice where the Secretary has reasonable grounds to believe a person has contravened a provision of the Act or the regulations that is an offence of strict liability or a civil penalty provision. 

Where an infringement notice is issued by the Secretary for breach of the reporting obligation in subsection 30EF(1), a sponsor is able to choose to pay an infringement notice amount as an alternative to having court proceedings brought against them for the contravention.

Subsection 42YKA(2) limits the amount payable under an infringement notice that relates to a single alleged contravention to the lesser of:

• one-fifth of the penalty that a court could impose on the person for that contravention; and
• 12 penalty units where the person is an individual, or 60 penalty units where the person is a body corporate.

Section 42YKA(3) provides an equivalent limit on the amount payable under an infringement notice that relates to multiple contraventions.

Information gathering powers

The Secretary has the power to require a person in relation to whom a reportable medicine is registered to provide information or documents in relation to:

• whether or not there is a shortage of the medicine in Australia;
• if there is a shortage of the medicine in Australia - the shortage, or
• any decision of the person to permanently discontinue the supply of the medicine in Australia.⁶

Compliance measures in relation to the new reporting obligations are in accordance with the TGA's Regulatory Compliance Framework. The TGA takes a graduated, risk-management approach to compliance that attempts to identify persons at risk of unintentional or deliberate non-compliance and enable the development of appropriate strategies to prevent non-compliance. 

A graduated approach in this regard, including activities to raise awareness and understanding of the new scheme, allows the TGA to respond appropriately to the full range of non-compliant behaviours. In that regard, the TGA is engaged in an education program targeted at sponsors of likely reportable medicines including those on the Medicines Watch List, to raise awareness of the new scheme and to help sponsors prevent non-compliance with their reporting obligations.

The TGA's response to non-compliance will likely be guided by two factors;

• whether there is a potential for detriment to the health of consumers, and
• the sponsor's behaviour prior to and in relation to the non-compliance with their reporting obligations.

If there is disagreement with a sponsor as to whether there is a 'shortage' within the meaning of the Act, the TGA may consider whether it is appropriate to settle the issue by pursuing court proceedings for a relevant court ruling.

The TGA's risk-based approach to non-compliance means its response is tailored to the risk posed by the non-compliant reporting or the attitude toward compliance by the sponsor. Further escalation of regulatory action may be considered against risk factors associated with additional or continued non-compliance. 

An example of escalated regulatory action is where the sponsor is aware of their reporting obligations but is not willing to comply, or the alleged reporting non-compliance is such that there is an impact on the ability of the consumer to access a medicine to their detriment due to the non-reporting of the medicine shortage by the sponsor.

The TGA may provide assistance through the form of legal obligations letters or formal warning letters. However, it may be that the use of compliance or enforcement action under the Act is more appropriate and proportionate for the purpose it serves.⁷ 

Civil penalty proceedings in the Federal Court are more likely to be pursued where there is a history of repeated non-compliance with reporting obligations or where actual or potential public health risk may result from that non-compliance.

As set out in the TGA's public consultation paper, compliance obligations and penalties will commence 6 months after the amendment to the Act to allow sponsor to adjust to the new framework. On this basis, sponsors will become liable to penalties and sanctions commencing on 1 July 2019.

A legal obligations letter informs a sponsor that their reporting may not be compliant and advises them of their obligations. The letter also provides educational and guidance material to assist the sponsor with reviewing their reporting framework to ensure future compliance. The letter does not seek a response but a sponsor can dispute or discuss the alleged reporting non-compliance with the TGA.

A formal warning letter informs a sponsor that their reporting is non-compliant. A formal warning letter will generally be sent when the TGA knows the sponsor is aware of their reporting obligations but have not met them. The formal warning letter sets out the alleged non-compliance and requires the sponsor to respond to the TGA outlining the steps they will carry out and the timeframe required to achieve compliance. 

As detailed in the public consultation paper, the TGA will publish the names of sponsors who do not comply with their mandatory reporting obligations without additional sanction. Failure to respond to a formal warning letter may result in an escalation of further regulatory action by the TGA.

An infringement notice may be given where a sponsor has, within 12 months, contravened a civil penalty provision of the Act for non-compliance with their reporting obligations relating to medicine shortages or discontinuations. 

The person can choose to pay an amount to the Commonwealth as an alternative to having court proceedings brought against them in relation to the alleged contravention. If the sponsor chooses not to pay the amount, they may be pursued in the Federal Court for civil penalties relating to the original alleged reporting non-compliance.

A sponsor may choose to offer the TGA an enforceable undertaking, a promise able to be enforced by a court. An example includes where the sponsor undertakes to establish, review and improve their reporting processes to be compliant with the requirements in the Act and to make regular reports to the TGA for the period of the undertaking.

The TGA may commence civil penalty litigation in the Federal Court which can result in large fines being imposed on the alleged wrongdoer (the sponsor).

The TGA's compliance handling policy includes the power to publish information about alleged non-compliance with statutory provisions in the Act.⁸ 

Details about the sponsor and action undertaken by the TGA in response to the non-compliance with their reporting obligations may be published on the TGA website in the following instances;

• Confirmed non-compliance following the issue of a formal warning letter may result in the publication of the details of the sponsor and their non-compliance with their reporting obligations.
• The TGA publishes information about infringement notices if they are paid.
• If the TGA enters into an enforceable undertaking with a sponsor as an alternative to litigation, the Act requires the TGA to publish the undertaking.
• If the TGA pursues a sponsor in the federal court and the court imposes civil penalties, those matters will also be published by the TGA or may be referred to in media or social media releases when the case is finalised.

The TGA considers that the publication of information about such matters is central to the transparency of the TGA's compliance handling processes.

1. Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth) s 30EH.
2. Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth) ss 30EF(1) and 30EG(1).
3. Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth) s 30EI.
4. Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth) ss 30EF(2), (3) and 30EG(2), (3) and 30EJ.
5. Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth) ss 30EF(6) and 30EFA(5) and 30EG(6); the amount of a "penalty unit" is set by section 4AA of the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth).
6. Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth) s 31(1)(ja).
7. Minister for Immigration v Li (2013) 249 CLR 332 [30] French CJ.
8. Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth) s 61(5D).