COVID-19 vaccine safety report - 23-09-2022

*The Department of Health and Aged Care has recently consolidated its approach to reporting data on COVID-19 vaccine doses administered. This means the cut-off date for reporting total vaccine doses is now 4 days earlier than the cut-off for data on adverse event reports following immunisation. Given the reporting rate of adverse events has stabilised, this is unlikely to have any meaningful impact on the reporting rate of adverse events per 1,000 vaccine doses.

The most frequently reported side effects suspected to be associated with the vaccines include headache, muscle and joint pain, fever, chills and nausea. Skin reactions at the site of the injection are also common and can include pain, swelling, redness and an itchy rash. These are recognised side effects of vaccination and are usually transient and mild. More information about what to expect and how to manage any symptoms after you receive your vaccine are available from NPS MedicineWise - external site.

Vaccine safety in children and adolescents

The TGA is closely monitoring adverse event reports in people aged under 18 years. The rate of reports has stabilised with only a small number now being received each week.

To 18 September 2022, we have received about 4,280 reports from approximately 3.7 million doses of Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna) in 12-17 year olds. The most commonly reported reactions are chest pain, headache, dizziness, nausea and fever.

The TGA is also closely monitoring adverse event reports in 5-11 year olds. To 18 September 2022, we have received about 1,630 reports from approximately 2.3 million Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna) doses administered in this age group. The most common reactions reported included chest pain, vomiting, fever, headache and abdominal pain. We have received 39 reports of suspected myocarditis and/or pericarditis in this age group. Following review of the reports, 4 were likely to represent myocarditis and another 7 reports were likely to represent pericarditis.

Survey data from AusVaxSafety show that:

• children and adults are more likely to experience side effects after a second COVID-19 vaccine dose, but most reactions are mild and temporary.
• children aged 5-11 years report fewer side effects than older Australians following a second dose.

These observations are consistent with what was reported in the clinical trials and from overseas experiences.

More information and frequently asked questions about COVID-19 vaccines in children are available on the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance - external site website.

Vaccine recommendations for children aged 6 months to less than 5 years

The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) recommends COVID-19 vaccination for children aged 6 months to less than 5 years - external site who are at increased risk of severe COVID-19. This includes children with: 

• a severely weakened immune system, such as those undergoing treatment for cancer, receiving immunosuppressive treatments or undergoing a bone marrow transplant
• complex congenital cardiac disease
• structural airway anomalies or chronic lung disease
• type 1 diabetes
• chronic neurological or neuromuscular conditions
• a disability that requires frequent assistance, such as severe cerebral palsy or Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21).

Two vaccine doses are recommended 8 weeks apart, except for children with a severely weakened immune system who require 3 doses. More detail is available in the ATAGI recommendations - external site.

ATAGI does not recommend vaccination of children under 5 years who do not have an increased risk of severe COVID-19. However, this is under ongoing consideration based on emerging data in this age group.

The paediatric Spikevax (Moderna) vaccine has been tested in around 5,500 children aged 6 months to under 5 years in the KidCOVE clinical trial. This study found the safety and efficacy of the vaccine was similar to that seen in adults. Most adverse effects were mild–moderate, lasted 1–2 days, and were generally reported after the second dose. Common reactions included irritability and crying, redness and swelling at the injection site, tiredness, fever, muscle pain and swelling or tenderness of lymph nodes near the injection site. Fever was more common in this age group compared to older children and adults, and children who had previously had SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to have side effects after vaccination.

Safety monitoring in the under 5s

The TGA will be closely monitoring reports of adverse events in younger children. AusVaxSafety - external site has also started monitoring vaccine safety through a short online survey to parents or carers after their child has been vaccinated.

In the US, where over a million doses of the paediatric mRNA vaccines have already been given, analysis of vaccine surveillance data - external site by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reveals that most adverse events are mild-moderate. Serious events were very rare and no unexpected safety concerns were detected. This is consistent with findings from the clinical trials.

Booster doses

The TGA is monitoring the safety of booster vaccine doses in adults. A booster dose is an additional vaccine dose given after the primary vaccine course. In people who have recently had COVID-19, a 3-month interval is recommended before having a winter booster dose.

To reduce the burden of severe disease from emerging Omicron variants BA.4 and BA.5, ATAGI has updated its advice for a winter booster dose of COVID-19 vaccines - external site. All adults aged 50 to 64 years are now recommended to receive a winter booster dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, and those aged 30 years and over may now have a winter dose if they choose. ATAGI also recommends a winter booster dose for people at higher risk of severe disease including:

• all adults aged over 65 years
• residents of aged care and disability facilities
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders aged 50 and over
• people who are severely immunocompromised
• those aged 16 and over with a medical condition or complex health needs that increase their risk of severe disease or a poor outcome

A first booster dose of Comirnaty (Pfizer) is also recommended for adolescents aged 12-15 years - external site at greater risk of severe disease.

In this report, we refer to a booster dose as either a third or fourth dose.

To 18 September 2022, approximately 14.2 million people have received boosters in Australia. This includes 4.8 million people who have received a fourth dose. We have received approximately 9,550 reports of suspected adverse events identified as occurring after a booster dose. These reports do not suggest any emerging safety concerns with a booster dose that are different to the first and second vaccine doses.

Adverse event reports for booster doses include a small number of myocarditis and pericarditis cases. This is a recognised risk with the Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna) vaccines and we are closely monitoring these events. So far, reports of myocarditis after a booster dose are very rare, occurring in less than 1 in every 100,000 vaccinated people.

The most common adverse events reported to the TGA following a booster dose are headache, swollen lymph nodes (also called lymphadenopathy), chest pain, muscle pain and fever. Swollen lymph nodes are a normal and known side effect of vaccines. They occur when the immune system is stimulated and were seen in the COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials. More detail about this potential side effect is given in a previous vaccine safety report on the 6 January 2022.

Reports of death in people who have been vaccinated

Vaccines can lead to death in extremely rare instances. However, most deaths that occur after vaccination are not caused by the vaccine. In large populations in which a new vaccine is given, there are people with underlying diseases who may die from these diseases. When a vaccine is given in that same population, the link between the vaccine and death is usually coincidental – not caused by the vaccine. These deaths are carefully reviewed for whether vaccines could be the cause and for the vast majority that is not the case.

The TGA closely reviews all deaths reported in the days and weeks after COVID-19 vaccination. Read more about this process in a previous report. Since the beginning of the vaccine rollout to 18 September 2022, about 63.3 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been given in Australia. The TGA has identified 14 reports where the cause of death was linked to vaccination from 939 reports received and reviewed.  As previously reported, 13 of these deaths occurred after the first dose of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) –.8 were associated with thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) cases, 2 were linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), 2 related to very rare conditions involving the nervous system, and one was a case of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). One of the deaths occurred after a booster dose of the Spikevax vaccine and was related to myocarditis. More details of this case are reported below.

The 14 deaths likely to be related to vaccination occurred in people aged 21 - 81 years old. There have been no deaths in children or adolescents determined to be linked to COVID-19 vaccination.

AusVaxSafety - a national survey on COVID-19 vaccine safety

AusVaxSafety has collected responses from over 6 million Australians about adverse events after they have received a COVID-19 vaccine. A recent analysis of survey data - external site affirms the safety of the Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccines. Results largely reflect what was seen in the clinical trials, with injection-site pain, fatigue, headache, and muscle pain being the most common reactions. Most reactions were short-lived and just under 1% of respondents sought medical advice because of an adverse reaction in the first 3 days after vaccination.

On the AusVaxSafety website - external site, survey results are presented for each COVID-19 vaccine:

• Comirnaty (Pfizer) adult formulation - external site and paediatric formulation (5-11 years) - external site
• Spikevax (Moderna) - external site
• Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) - external site
• Nuvaxovid (Novavax) - external site

For each vaccine, survey results are given for different age groups and different populations, such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, those affected by cancer or who have received a transplant, and pregnant women.

The Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine is provisionally approved for adults and children aged 5 years and over. To 18 September 2022, about 44 million doses have been administered in Australia.

The TGA is actively investigating reports of myocarditis (inflammation of the heart) and/or pericarditis (inflammation of the membrane around the heart) associated with mRNA vaccines. We continue to work with international regulators on this safety signal (see below).

Up-to-date information for Comirnaty (Pfizer), including details of potential side effects , can be found in the Consumer Medicine Information - external site (for consumers) and Product Information - external site (for health professionals).

The Spikevax (Moderna) vaccine is provisionally approved for adults and children aged 6 years and over. To 18 September 2022, about 5.4 million doses have been administered in Australia. A paediatric dose has also recently been provisionally approved for children aged from 6 months to 5 years (or less than 6 years).

The TGA is actively investigating reports of myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and/or pericarditis (inflammation of the membrane around the heart) associated with mRNA vaccines. We continue to work with international regulators on this safety signal (see below).

Outcomes of a Vaccine Safety Investigation Group meeting – 7 September 2022

The TGA convened an external expert group to consider whether any additional advice to the general public and healthcare professionals is required following a very sad case of a young woman in her 20s who died as a result of myocarditis a few weeks after receiving a booster dose of the Spikevax (Moderna) vaccine. The TGA extends its sincerest condolences to the family and loved ones of this young woman.

The expert group included a panel of experts in cardiology and vaccines, as well as a consumer representative and a community engagement expert.

The panel agreed with the TGA’s assessment that the myocarditis the woman experienced was likely to have been related to vaccination given the available information, including the absence of other apparent causes of the myocarditis, and the timeframe for the onset of symptoms. However, the panel acknowledged there were several other complicating factors that may have contributed to her death. The circumstances and potential causes that led to this woman’s death will be officially investigated by a state coroner. As the national medicine regulator, the TGA is focused on identifying medical conditions that may be related to vaccination.

Myocarditis  is a known risk associated with the mRNA vaccines. It is rare, particularly after a booster dose, and when it does occur cases are generally mild and resolves after a few days with treatment and rest. However, a small number of serious cases have been reported in Australia and overseas.

Current evidence tells us at a population level, the risk of myocarditis and other heart problems after COVID-19 infection is higher than after COVID-19 vaccination. Given this, the expert group reaffirmed that overall, the benefits of vaccination continue to far outweigh the risks for the mRNA vaccines. However, they have recommended that the existing warning about myocarditis be strengthened in the prescribing information for Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna). The expert group has also referred this case to the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) who are publishing an update to clinical guidance for healthcare professionals on myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccines.

As myocarditis is more commonly seen in males aged 12-30 years after a second vaccine dose, the expert panel noted there may be less awareness in the community that myocarditis can also occur in women and after a booster vaccine dose. This highlights the importance of informing patients, whether male or female, about the risk of myocarditis before receiving a vaccine dose and ensuring health professionals consider the possibility of myocarditis when patients present with new symptoms following vaccination.

Up-to-date information for Spikevax (Moderna), including details of potential side effects, can be found in the Consumer Medicine Information - external site (for consumers) and Product Information - external site (for health professionals).

The Nuvaxovid (Novavax) vaccine is provisionally approved for adults. To 18 September 2022, about 217,000 doses of Nuvaxovid (Novavax) have been administered in Australia.

The TGA has received a small number of reports of suspected myocarditis and/or pericarditis in people who have received the Nuvaxovid (Novavax) vaccine. After assessing these against a set of internationally accepted criteria, 9 cases were likely to represent myocarditis and 27 were likely to represent pericarditis. As a result of our investigation, the Product Information (PI) for Nuvaxovid (Novavax) has been updated to include pericarditis as a potential adverse event.

Anaphylaxis, paraesthesia and hypoaesthesia (tingling and numbness of the skin) have also been added to the Nuvaxovid (Novavax) PI as potential adverse events. These adverse events are also recognised for other COVID-19 vaccines in use in Australia.

More information for Nuvaxovid (Novavax), including details about its ingredients and potential side effects, can be found in the Consumer Medicine Information - external site (for consumers) and Product Information - external site (for health professionals).

The Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine is provisionally approved for adults. To 18 September 2022, about 13.8 million doses of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) have been administered in Australia. However, since the end of 2021 very few doses are being used.

The TGA is closely monitoring rare reports of blood clots with low blood platelets (also called thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome or TTS) linked to this vaccine, immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). These are rare but serious side effects, with TTS reported in about 2 in every 100,000 people after receiving Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) and ITP and GBS reported in about one in every 100,000 people. Detailed information of our analysis of these adverse effects is available in a previous vaccine safety report.

With only limited use of the Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine now in Australia, we have not received any new reports of confirmed or probable TTS this year. The total number of TTS cases reported in Australia is 173. Of these, 149 (83 confirmed, 66 probable) were related to a first dose of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) and 24 (5 confirmed, 19 probable) to a second dose. There has been no change in the reporting rates for ITP, GBS or TTS this year but we continue to monitor for reports to identify new information about these risks.

Updates to the Product Information

In Section 4.4 of the PI, an existing warning about very rare demyelinating disorders has been updated to include acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. The warning reads:

"Very rare events of demyelinating disorders, including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, have been reported following vaccination with VAXZEVRIA. A causal relationship has not been established. Healthcare professionals should be alert of signs and symptoms of demyelinating disorders to ensure correct diagnosis, in order to initiate adequate supportive care and treatment, and to rule out other causes."

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, also called ADEM, is a neurological condition which causes damage to the protective covering around nerves in the brain and spinal cord. It most often develops after viral infections such as influenza and has been reported after COVID 19. However, in many cases, a cause cannot be confirmed.

Cutaneous vasculitis has also been added to Section 4.8 of the PI as a rare skin disorder that has been reported after vaccination.

More general information for Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca), including details of potential side effects can be found in the Consumer Medicine Information - external site (for consumers) and Product Information - external site (for health professionals).

ATAGI continues to emphasise that the protective benefits of the mRNA vaccines far outweigh the rare risk of these side effects in all eligible age groups - external site.

Current evidence tells us the risk of myocarditis and other heart effects is much higher after COVID-19 infection than after COVID-19 vaccination.

ATAGI has advised that people who develop myocarditis attributed to their first vaccine dose should defer further doses of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and discuss this with their treating doctor.

For those with suspected pericarditis after a first dose, future dose recommendations depend on test results and the person’s age and sex. Refer to expert Guidance on myocarditis and pericarditis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccines - external site for more information.

What are myocarditis and pericarditis?

Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart, and pericarditis is inflammation of the membrane around the heart. They can occur as rare adverse events after vaccination with the mRNA vaccines Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna).

When do myocarditis and pericarditis occur?

Cases typically occur within 10 days, with symptom onset often within 5 days of vaccination. Some published evidence - external site found pericarditis symptoms may occur later, commonly 2-3 weeks after vaccination. Our analysis indicates that most of the patients with likely myocarditis experienced symptoms within 3 days of vaccination.

Who is at risk of these heart problems?

Myocarditis can occur in males and females but is more commonly reported after the second dose in boys aged 12-17 years (13 cases per 100,000 Comirnaty doses and 24 cases per 100,000 Spikevax doses) and men under 30 (9 cases per 100,000 Comirnaty doses and 23 cases per 100,000 Spikevax doses). However, even in this population it remains rare.

Pericarditis is reported in about 2 in every 100,000 people who receive an mRNA vaccine. It is reported more often after the Nuvaxovid (Novavax) vaccine, with about 12 reports for every 100,000 doses administered, most commonly in males aged 18-49 years old. The pericarditis rate for Nuvaxovid is less certain than for Comirnaty and Spikevax due to the low numbers of Nuvaxovid vaccine doses given.

Do myocarditis and pericarditis occur after a booster dose?

Myocarditis and pericarditis can occur after a booster dose. It is rare but can sometimes be serious. Australian and international data indicate that myocarditis and pericarditis are reported less commonly after a booster dose than after a second dose. The rate of reporting of myocarditis and pericarditis is less than 1 in every 100,000 people after a booster dose.

To 18 September 2022, from approximately 14.2 million people who have received booster doses, we have received 59 reports of likely myocarditis and 98 reports of likely pericarditis for Comirnaty (Pfizer) and 26 reports of likely myocarditis and 25 reports of likely pericarditis for Spikevax (Moderna). The median age of affected individuals was 33 years old.

How serious are myocarditis and pericarditis?

Myocarditis is often mild, and cases usually resolve after a few days with treatment and rest. Serious cases of myocarditis can occur and have been reported in Australia and overseas and a fatal case likely to have been linked to a booster dose of the Spikevax vaccine has been reported.

A recent Australian study of adolescents who presented to hospital with vaccine-associated myocarditis - external site found the average length of stay in hospital was 2 days.

Our latest analysis of data from adverse event reports has found 56% of the patients with likely myocarditis and 19% with likely pericarditis were admitted to hospital. Seventeen people with myocarditis and 6 people with pericarditis were treated in intensive care. This represents less than 1% of all likely cases.

What myocarditis and pericarditis symptoms should I look out for?

We encourage people to seek medical attention if they experience symptoms that could suggest myocarditis or pericarditis. This includes chest pain, palpitations (irregular heartbeat), fainting or shortness of breath, particularly if they occur within 1–5 days of vaccination.

What does the TGA know about myocarditis and pericarditis in Australia?

Reports received by the TGA of suspected myocarditis and pericarditis for the 2 mRNA vaccines are provided in Table 1. We have reviewed these reports against an internationally accepted criteria to classify the likelihood of myocarditis. This assessment does not determine whether cases have been caused by vaccination.

Reporting rates of likely myocarditis and pericarditis appear similar to overseas rates and are given in Tables 2 and 3.

Reports of suspected myocarditis and pericarditis

Notes for Table 1

* Cases reporting both myocarditis and pericarditis are included in suspected myocarditis cases.

¥ The total number of reports can fluctuate slightly over time as duplicate reports may be identified and deleted and cases may be reclassified after receiving more information.

‡ Cases classified as level 1 are confirmed to be myocarditis based on strong clinical evidence including the patient’s symptoms, and results of tests and imaging indicating a diagnosis of myocarditis. Level 2 cases are probably myocarditis based on a combination of symptoms and routine tests for heart conditions. Level 3 cases are possibly myocarditis based on symptoms and a doctor’s report that myocarditis is the most likely diagnosis in the absence of medical tests and investigations. For all cases of suspected myocarditis, where possible, other known causes of the patient’s symptoms or test results are ruled out before cases are classified.

† The youngest case classified as 'likely myocarditis' to date is 6 years old.

£ Classification of likely pericarditis is based on the patient's symptoms and test results and the absence of other known causes of pericarditis.

Rates of likely myocarditis

Notes for Table 2 and Table 3

* The rate includes cases of myocarditis that occurred after vaccination but may not be vaccine related.

‡ To 18 September 2022, from about 2.3 million vaccine doses given, 4 likely cases of myocarditis have been reported in children aged 5-11 years following vaccination with Comirnaty (Pfizer).

† The rates for Spikevax (Moderna) are less certain due to low numbers of cases overall and small changes in case number can lead to fluctuations in the rates for different groups.

Rates of likely pericarditis

Notes for Table 4

* The rate includes cases of pericarditis that occurred after vaccination but may not be vaccine related.

‡ To 18 September 2022, from about 2.3 million Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine doses given, 1 probable and 6 possible cases of pericarditis have been reported in children aged 5-11 years. No cases of pericarditis have been reported following Spikevax (Moderna) in this age group.

For more information, see guidance on myocarditis and pericarditis - external site developed by ATAGI and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ).

Watch this video to find out how the TGA monitors and reports the safety of COVID-19 vaccines - external site

COVID-19 vaccines: Frequently asked questions – 13 September 2022 - external site

COVID vaccines – is it true? – 25 August 2022 - external site

ATAGI update following weekly COVID-19 meeting – 14 September 2022 - external site

Novavax vaccine for adolescents aged 12-17 years - 25 August - external site

ATAGI recommendations on COVID-19 vaccine use in children aged 6 months to <5 years - 3 August 2022 - external site

AusVaxSafety begins COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring in children under 5 - 4 September 2022 - external site

Should my child get a COVID-19 vaccine? A decision aid for parents and carers - external site

AusVaxSafety: Children experience fewer side effects from COVID-19 vaccine - external site

AusVaxSafety: Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine safety data - Child participants - external site

COVID-19 vaccines do not cause infertility - 21 April 2022 - external site

Latest advice on COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant and breastfeeding women - external site

TGA COVID-19 vaccines hub

Australian Government Department of Health COVID-19 vaccines hub - external site

COVID vaccine information in your language - external site

Database of Adverse Event Notifications (DAEN)