COVID-19 vaccine safety report - 30-06-2022

The most frequently reported side effects suspected to be associated with the vaccines include headache, muscle and joint pain, fever, chills and nausea. Skin reactions at the site of the injection are also common and can include pain, swelling, redness and an itchy rash. These are recognised side effects of vaccination and are usually transient and mild. More information about what to expect and how to manage any symptoms after you receive your vaccine are available from NPS MedicineWise - external site.

Vaccine safety in children and adolescents

The TGA is closely monitoring adverse event reports in people aged under 18 years. Although we continue to receive a small number of reports, this is decreasing each week.

To 26 June 2022, we have received about 4,200 reports from approximately 3.7 million doses of Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna) in 12-17 year olds. The most commonly reported reactions are chest pain, headache, dizziness, nausea and fever.

The TGA is also closely monitoring adverse event reports in 5-11 year olds. To 26 June 2022, we have received about 1,550 reports from approximately 2.2 million Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna) doses administered in this age group. The most common reactions reported included chest pain, vomiting, fever, headache and abdominal pain. We have received 35 reports of suspected myocarditis and/or pericarditis in this age group. Following review of the reports, 4 were likely to represent myocarditis and another 6 reports were likely to represent pericarditis.

Survey data from AusVaxSafety show that:

• children and adults are more likely to experience side effects after a second COVID-19 vaccine dose, but most reactions are mild and temporary.
• children aged 5-11 years report fewer side effects than older Australians following a second dose

These observations are consistent with what was reported in the clinical trials and from overseas experiences.

More information and frequently asked questions about COVID-19 vaccines in children are available on the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance - external site website. A decision aid is available for parents and carers - external site who may be hesitant to get their children vaccinated.

Booster doses

The TGA is monitoring the safety of booster vaccine doses in adults. A booster dose is an additional vaccine dose given after the primary vaccine course. In Australia, the booster dose is most commonly a third dose of an mRNA vaccine. A fourth dose has also been recommended for people over 65 years of age, and a winter booster dose is now recommended - external site for people aged 16-64 years who have:

• a medical condition that increases their risk of severe COVID-19 illness
• a disability with significant or complex health needs or multiple comorbidities that increase the risk of poor outcomes from COVID-19.

Last week, ATAGI recommended that adolescents aged 12-15 years - external site who are at greater risk of severe disease from COVID-19 should be given a first booster dose of Comirnaty (Pfizer).

In this report, we refer to a booster dose as either a third or fourth dose.

To 26 June 2022, approximately 13.9 million people have received boosters in Australia. This includes 2.3 million people who have received a fourth dose. We have received approximately 8,540 reports of suspected adverse events identified as occurring after a booster dose. These reports do not suggest any emerging safety concerns with a booster dose that are different to the first and second vaccine doses.

Adverse event reports for booster doses include a small number of myocarditis and pericarditis cases. This is a recognised risk with the Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna) vaccines and we are closely monitoring these events. So far, reports of myocarditis after a booster dose are very rare, occurring in less than 1 in every 100,000 vaccinated people.

The most common adverse events reported to the TGA following a booster dose are headache, swollen lymph nodes (also called lymphadenopathy), chest pain, fatigue and muscle pain. Swollen lymph nodes are a normal and known side effect of vaccines. They occur when the immune system is stimulated and were seen in the COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials. More detail about this potential side effect is given in a previous vaccine safety report on the 6 January 2022.

Reports of death in people who have been vaccinated

Vaccines can lead to death in extremely rare instances. However, most deaths that occur after vaccination are not caused by the vaccine. In large populations in which a new vaccine is given, there are people with underlying diseases who may die from these diseases. When a vaccine is given in that same population, the link between the vaccine and death is usually coincidental - not caused by the vaccine. These deaths are carefully reviewed for whether vaccines could be the cause and for the vast majority that is not the case.

The TGA closely reviews all deaths reported in the days and weeks after COVID-19 vaccination. Read more about this process in a previous report. Since the beginning of the vaccine rollout to 26 June 2022, about 60.2 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been given in Australia. The TGA has identified 13 reports where the cause of death was linked to vaccination from 890 reports received and reviewed. The total number of deaths reported has decreased following a reporter correcting the information provided to the TGA as the individual had not died. All deaths linked to vaccination as a likely cause occurred after the first dose of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca). As previously reported, 8 were associated with thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) cases, 2 were linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), 2 related to very rare conditions involving the nervous system, and one was a case of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).

The 13 deaths likely to be related to vaccination occurred in people aged 34-81 years old. There have been no deaths in children, adolescents or younger adults determined to be linked to COVID-19 vaccination.

AusVaxSafety - a national survey on COVID-19 vaccine safety

AusVaxSafety has collected responses from over 6 million Australians about adverse events after they have received a COVID-19 vaccine. Survey results largely reflect what was seen in the clinical trials, with injection-site reactions, fatigue, headache, and muscle and joint pain being the most common reactions.

On the AusVaxSafety website - external site, survey results are presented for each COVID-19 vaccine:

• Comirnaty (Pfizer) adult formulation - external site and paediatric formulation (5-11 years) - external site
• Spikevax (Moderna) - external site
• Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) - external site
• Nuvaxovid (Novavax) - external site

For each vaccine, survey results are given for different age groups and different populations, such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, those affected by cancer or who have received a transplant, and pregnant women.

The Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine is provisionally approved for adults and children aged 5 years and over. To 26 June 2022, about 41.6 million doses have been administered in Australia.

The TGA is actively investigating reports of myocarditis (inflammation of the heart) and/or pericarditis (inflammation of the membrane around the heart) associated with mRNA vaccines. We continue to work with international regulators on this safety signal (see below).

Up-to-date information for Comirnaty (Pfizer), including details of potential side effects , can be found in the Consumer Medicine Information - external site (for consumers) and Product Information - external site (for health professionals).

The Spikevax (Moderna) vaccine is provisionally approved for adults and children aged 6 years and over. To 26 June 2022, about 4.6 million doses have been administered in Australia.

The TGA is actively investigating reports of myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and/or pericarditis (inflammation of the membrane around the heart) associated with mRNA vaccines. We continue to work with international regulators on this safety signal (see below).

Up-to-date information for Spikevax (Moderna), including details of potential side effects, can be found in the Consumer Medicine Information - external site (for consumers) and Product Information - external site (for health professionals).

The Nuvaxovid (Novavax) vaccine is provisionally approved for adults. To 26 June 2022, about 160,000 doses of Nuvaxovid (Novavax) have been administered in Australia.

The TGA has received a small number of reports of suspected myocarditis and/or pericarditis in people who have received the Nuvaxovid (Novavax) vaccine. After assessing these against a set of internationally accepted criteria, 3 cases were likely to represent myocarditis and 12 were likely to represent pericarditis. As a result of our investigation, the Product Information (PI) for Nuvaxovid (Novavax) has been updated to include pericarditis as a potential adverse event.

Anaphylaxis, paraesthesia and hypoaesthesia (tingling and numbness of the skin) have also been added to the Nuvaxovid (Novavax) PI as potential adverse events. These adverse events are also recognised for other COVID-19 vaccines in use in Australia.

More information for Nuvaxovid (Novavax), including details about its ingredients and potential side effects, can be found in the Consumer Medicine Information - external site (for consumers) and Product Information - external site (for health professionals).

The Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine is provisionally approved for adults. To 26 June 2022, about 13.8 million doses of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) have been administered in Australia. However, since the end of 2021 very few doses are being used.

The TGA is closely monitoring rare reports of blood clots with low blood platelets (also called thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome or TTS) linked to this vaccine, immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). These are rare but serious side effects, with TTS reported in about 2 in every 100,000 people after receiving Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) and ITP and GBS reported in about one in every 100,000 people. Detailed information of our analysis of these adverse effects is available in a previous vaccine safety report.

With only limited use of the Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine now in Australia, we have not received any new reports of confirmed or probable TTS this year. The total number of TTS cases reported in Australia is 173. Of these, 149 (83 confirmed, 66 probable) were related to a first dose of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) and 24 (5 confirmed, 19 probable) to a second dose. There has been no change in the reporting rates for ITP, GBS or TTS this year but we continue to monitor for reports to identify new information about these risks.

More general information for Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca), including details of potential side effects can be found in the Consumer Medicine Information - external site (for consumers) and Product Information - external site (for health professionals).

ATAGI continues to emphasise that the protective benefits of the mRNA vaccines far outweigh the rare risk of these side effects in all eligible age groups - external site.

Current evidence tells us the risk of myocarditis and other heart effects is much higher after COVID-19 infection than after COVID-19 vaccination.

ATAGI has advised that people who develop myocarditis attributed to their first vaccine dose should defer further doses of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and discuss this with their treating doctor.

For those with suspected pericarditis after a first dose, future dose recommendations depend on test results and the person's age and sex. Refer to expert Guidance on myocarditis and pericarditis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccines - external site for more information.

What are myocarditis and pericarditis?

Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart, and pericarditis is inflammation of the membrane around the heart. They can occur as rare adverse events after vaccination with the mRNA vaccines Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna).

When do myocarditis and pericarditis occur?

Cases typically occur within 10 days, with symptom onset often within 5 days of vaccination. Some published evidence - external site found pericarditis symptoms may occur later, commonly 2-3 weeks after vaccination. Our analysis indicates that most of the patients with likely myocarditis experienced symptoms within 3 days of vaccination.

Who is at risk of these heart problems?

Myocarditis is more commonly reported after the second dose in 12-17 year-old boys (13 cases per 100,000 Comirnaty doses and 20 cases per 100,000 Spikevax doses) and men under 30 (8 cases per 100,000 Comirnaty doses and 19 cases per 100,000 Spikevax doses). However, even in this population it remains rare. The number of cases has decreased this week as we identified some reports were duplicates.

Do myocarditis and pericarditis occur after a booster dose?

Myocarditis and pericarditis can occur after a booster dose but this is rare. Australian and international data indicate that myocarditis and pericarditis are reported less commonly after a booster dose than after a second dose. The rate of reporting of myocarditis and pericarditis is less than 1 in every 100,000 people after a booster dose. There is no indication that these events are more serious than after earlier doses.

To 26 June 2022, from approximately 13.9 million people who have received booster doses, we have received 38 reports of likely myocarditis and 79 reports of likely pericarditis for Comirnaty (Pfizer) and 20 reports of likely myocarditis and 18 reports of likely pericarditis for Spikevax (Moderna). The median age of affected individuals was 32 years old.

How serious are myocarditis and pericarditis?

Myocarditis is often mild, and cases usually resolve after a few days with treatment and rest. Some cases are more serious and need to be treated in hospital.

Our analysis has found about half of the patients with suspected myocarditis or pericarditis were admitted to hospital. Nine people with likely myocarditis or pericarditis were treated in intensive care. This represents less than 1% of all likely cases. Most patients admitted to hospital were discharged within 4 days.

What myocarditis and pericarditis symptoms should I look out for?

We encourage people to seek medical attention if they experience symptoms that could suggest myocarditis or pericarditis. This includes chest pain, palpitations (irregular heartbeat), fainting or shortness of breath, particularly if they occur within 1-5 days of vaccination.

What does the TGA know about Australian myocarditis and pericarditis cases?

Reports received by the TGA of suspected myocarditis and pericarditis for the 2 mRNA vaccines are provided in Table 1. We have reviewed these reports against an internationally accepted criteria to classify the likelihood of myocarditis. This assessment does not determine whether cases have been caused by vaccination.

Reporting rates of likely myocarditis and pericarditis appear similar to overseas rates and are given in Table 2 and Table 3.

Reports of suspected myocarditis and pericarditis

Notes for Table 1

* Cases reporting both myocarditis and pericarditis are included in suspected myocarditis cases.

¥ The total number of reports can fluctuate slightly over time as duplicate reports may be identified and deleted and cases may be reclassified after receiving additional information.

‡ Cases classified as level 1 are confirmed to be myocarditis based on strong clinical evidence including the patient's symptoms, and results of tests and imaging indicating a diagnosis of myocarditis. Level 2 cases are probably myocarditis based on a combination of symptoms and routine tests for heart conditions. Level 3 cases are possibly myocarditis based on symptoms and a doctor's report that myocarditis is the most likely diagnosis in the absence of medical tests and investigations. For all cases of suspected myocarditis, where possible, other known causes of the patient's symptoms or test results are ruled out before cases are classified.

† The youngest case classified as 'likely myocarditis' to date is 6 years old.

£ Classification of likely pericarditis is based on the patient's symptoms and test results and the absence of other known causes of pericarditis.

Rates of likely myocarditis

Notes for Table 2 and Table 3

* The rate includes cases of myocarditis that occurred after vaccination but may not be vaccine related.

‡ To 26 June 2022, from about 2.2 million vaccine doses given, 4 likely cases of myocarditis have been reported in children aged 5-11 years following vaccination with Comirnaty (Pfizer).

† The rates for Spikevax (Moderna) are less certain due to low numbers of cases overall and small changes in case number can lead to fluctuations in the rates for different groups.

Rates of likely pericarditis

Notes for Table 4

* The rate includes cases of pericarditis that occurred after vaccination but may not be vaccine related.

‡ To 26 June 2022, from about 2.2 million Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine doses given, 1 probable and 5 possible cases of pericarditis have been reported in children aged 5-11 years. No cases of pericarditis have been reported following Spikevax (Moderna) in this age group.

For more information, see guidance on myocarditis and pericarditis - external site developed by ATAGI and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ).

Tested positive for COVID-19? Find out what you need to do - external site

Watch this video to find out how the TGA monitors and reports the safety of COVID-19 vaccines - external site

COVID-19 vaccines: Frequently asked questions - 14 June 2022 - external site

COVID vaccines - is it true? - 17 February 2022 - external site

ATAGI update following weekly COVID-19 meeting - 23 May 2022 - external site

Expanded ATAGI recommendations on winter COVID-19 booster doses for people at increased risk of severe COVID-19 - 25 May 2022 - external site

ATAGI recommendations on first booster dose in adolescents aged 12-15 years - 9 June 2022 - external site

Should my child get a COVID-19 vaccine? A decision aid for parents and carers - external site

AusVaxSafety: Children experience fewer side effects from COVID-19 vaccine - external site

AusVaxSafety: Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine safety data - Child participants - external site

COVID-19 vaccines do not cause infertility - 21 April 2022 - external site

Latest advice on COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant and breastfeeding women - 18 August 2021 - external site

TGA COVID-19 vaccines hub

Australian Government Department of Health COVID-19 vaccines hub - external site

COVID vaccine information in your language - external site

Database of Adverse Event Notifications (DAEN)