COVID-19 vaccine safety report - 25-08-2022

The most frequently reported side effects suspected to be associated with the vaccines include headache, muscle and joint pain, fever, chills and nausea. Skin reactions at the site of the injection are also common and can include pain, swelling, redness and an itchy rash. These are recognised side effects of vaccination and are usually transient and mild. More information about what to expect and how to manage any symptoms after you receive your vaccine are available from NPS MedicineWise.

Vaccine safety in children and adolescents

The TGA is closely monitoring adverse event reports in people aged under 18 years. Although we continue to receive a small number of reports, this is decreasing each week.

To 21 August 2022, we have received about 4,255 reports from approximately 3.7 million doses of Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna) in 12-17 year olds. The most commonly reported reactions are chest pain, headache, dizziness, nausea and fever.

The TGA is also closely monitoring adverse event reports in 5-11 year olds. To 21 August 2022, we have received about 1,620 reports from approximately 2.3 million Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna) doses administered in this age group. The most common reactions reported included chest pain, vomiting, fever, headache and abdominal pain. We have received 38 reports of suspected myocarditis and/or pericarditis in this age group. Following review of the reports, 4 were likely to represent myocarditis and another 7 reports were likely to represent pericarditis.

Survey data from AusVaxSafety show that:

• children and adults are more likely to experience side effects after a second COVID-19 vaccine dose, but most reactions are mild and temporary.
• children aged 5-11 years report fewer side effects than older Australians following a second dose

These observations are consistent with what was reported in the clinical trials and from overseas experiences.

More information and frequently asked questions about COVID-19 vaccines in children are available on the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance website.

Vaccine recommendations for children aged 6 months to less than 5 years

Following provisional approval of a new paediatric formulation of the Spikevax (Moderna) vaccine, the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) have recommended COVID-19 vaccination for children aged 6 months to less than 5 years who are at increased risk of severe COVID-19. This includes children with:

• a severely weakened immune system, such as those undergoing treatment for cancer, receiving immunosuppressive treatments or undergoing a bone marrow transplant
• complex congenital cardiac disease
• structural airway anomalies or chronic lung disease
• type 1 diabetes
• chronic neurological or neuromuscular conditions
• a disability that requires frequent assistance, such as severe cerebral palsy or Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21).

Two vaccine doses are recommended 8 weeks apart, except for children with a severely weakened immune system who require 3 doses. More detail is available in the latest ATAGI recommendations.

ATAGI does not recommend vaccination of children under 5 years who do not have an increased risk of severe COVID-19. However, this is under ongoing consideration based on emerging data in this age group.

The paediatric Spikevax (Moderna) vaccine has been tested in around 5,500 children aged 6 months to under 5 years in the KidCOVE clinical trial. This study, which was conducted in the US and Canada, found the safety and efficacy of the vaccine was similar to that seen in adults. Most adverse effects were mild–moderate, lasted 1-2 days, and were generally reported after the second dose. Common reactions to the vaccine included irritability and crying, redness and swelling at the injection site, tiredness, fever, muscle pain and swelling or tenderness of lymph nodes near the injection site. Fever was more common in this age group compared to older children and adults, and children who had previously had SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to have side effects after vaccination.

The TGA will be closely monitoring adverse event reports in this younger age group once the vaccine is rolled out.

Booster doses

The TGA is monitoring the safety of booster vaccine doses in adults. A booster dose is an additional vaccine dose given after the primary vaccine course. In people who have recently had COVID-19, a 3-month interval is recommended before having a winter booster dose.

To reduce the burden of severe disease from emerging Omicron variants BA.4 and BA.5, ATAGI has updated its advice for a winter booster dose of COVID-19 vaccines. All adults aged 50 to 64 years are now recommended to receive a winter booster dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, and those aged 30 years and over may now have a winter dose if they choose. ATAGI also recommends a winter booster dose for people at higher risk of severe disease including:

• all adults aged over 65 years
• residents of aged care and disability facilities
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders aged 50 and over
• people who are severely immunocompromised
• those aged 16 and over with a medical condition or complex health needs that increase their risk of severe disease or a poor outcome

A first booster dose of Comirnaty (Pfizer) is also recommended for adolescents aged 12-15 years at greater risk of severe disease.

In this report, we refer to a booster dose as either a third or fourth dose.

To 21 August 2022, approximately 14.2 million people have received boosters in Australia. This includes 4.5 million people who have received a fourth dose. We have received approximately 9,360 reports of suspected adverse events identified as occurring after a booster dose. These reports do not suggest any emerging safety concerns with a booster dose that are different to the first and second vaccine doses.

Adverse event reports for booster doses include a small number of myocarditis and pericarditis cases. This is a recognised risk with the Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna) vaccines and we are closely monitoring these events. So far, reports of myocarditis after a booster dose are very rare, occurring in less than 1 in every 100,000 vaccinated people.

The most common adverse events reported to the TGA following a booster dose are headache, swollen lymph nodes (also called lymphadenopathy), chest pain, fatigue and muscle pain. Swollen lymph nodes are a normal and known side effect of vaccines. They occur when the immune system is stimulated and were seen in the COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials. More detail about this potential side effect is given in a previous vaccine safety report on 6 January 2022.

Reports of death in people who have been vaccinated

Vaccines can lead to death in extremely rare instances. However, most deaths that occur after vaccination are not caused by the vaccine. In large populations in which a new vaccine is given, there are people with underlying diseases who may die from these diseases. When a vaccine is given in that same population, the link between the vaccine and death is usually coincidental - not caused by the vaccine. These deaths are carefully reviewed for whether vaccines could be the cause and for the vast majority that is not the case.

The TGA closely reviews all deaths reported in the days and weeks after COVID-19 vaccination. Read more about this process in a previous report. Since the beginning of the vaccine rollout to 21 August 2022, about 63 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been given in Australia. The TGA has identified 13 reports where the cause of death was linked to vaccination from 931 reports received and reviewed. All deaths linked to vaccination as a likely cause occurred after the first dose of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca). As previously reported, 8 were associated with thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) cases, 2 were linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), 2 related to very rare conditions involving the nervous system, and one was a case of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)

The 13 deaths likely to be related to vaccination occurred in people aged 34-81 years old. There have been no deaths in children, adolescents or younger adults determined to be linked to COVID-19 vaccination.

AusVaxSafety - a national survey on COVID-19 vaccine safety

AusVaxSafety has collected responses from over 6 million Australians about adverse events after they have received a COVID-19 vaccine. A recent analysis of survey data affirms the safety of the Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccines. Results largely reflect what was seen in the clinical trials, with injection-site pain, fatigue, headache, and muscle pain being the most common reactions. Most reactions were short-lived and just under 1% of respondents sought medical advice because of an adverse reaction in the first 3 days after vaccination.

On the AusVaxSafety website, survey results are presented for each COVID-19 vaccine:

• Comirnaty (Pfizer) adult formulation and paediatric formulation (5-11 years)
• Spikevax (Moderna)
• Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca)
• Nuvaxovid (Novavax)

For each vaccine, survey results are given for different age groups and different populations, such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, those affected by cancer or who have received a transplant, and pregnant women.

Comirnaty (Pfizer) mRNA vaccine

The Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine is provisionally approved for adults and children aged 5 years and over. To 21 August 2022, about 43.7 million doses have been administered in Australia.

The TGA is actively investigating reports of myocarditis (inflammation of the heart) and/or pericarditis (inflammation of the membrane around the heart) associated with mRNA vaccines. We continue to work with international regulators on this safety signal (see below).

Spikevax (Moderna) mRNA vaccine

The Spikevax (Moderna) vaccine is provisionally approved for adults and children aged 6 years and over. To 21 August 2022, about 5.3 million doses have been administered in Australia. A paediatric dose has also recently been provisionally approved for children aged from 6 months to 5 years (or less than 6 years).

The TGA is actively investigating reports of myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and/or pericarditis (inflammation of the membrane around the heart) associated with mRNA vaccines. We continue to work with international regulators on this safety signal (see below).

Nuvaxovid (Novavax) vaccine

The Nuvaxovid (Novavax) vaccine is provisionally approved for adults. To 21 August 2022, about 209,000 doses of Nuvaxovid (Novavax) have been administered in Australia.

The TGA has received a small number of reports of suspected myocarditis and/or pericarditis in people who have received the Nuvaxovid (Novavax) vaccine. After assessing these against a set of internationally accepted criteria, 7 cases were likely to represent myocarditis and 26 were likely to represent pericarditis. As a result of our investigation, the Product Information (PI) for Nuvaxovid (Novavax) has been updated to include pericarditis as a potential adverse event.

Anaphylaxis, paraesthesia and hypoaesthesia (tingling and numbness of the skin) have also been added to the Nuvaxovid (Novavax) PI as potential adverse events. These adverse events are also recognised for other COVID-19 vaccines in use in Australia.

Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine

The Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine is provisionally approved for adults. To 21 August 2022, about 13.8 million doses of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) have been administered in Australia. However, since the end of 2021 very few doses are being used.

The TGA is closely monitoring rare reports of blood clots with low blood platelets (also called thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome or TTS) linked to this vaccine, immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). These are rare but serious side effects, with TTS reported in about 2 in every 100,000 people after receiving Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) and ITP and GBS reported in about one in every 100,000 people. Detailed information of our analysis of these adverse effects is available in a previous vaccine safety report.

With only limited use of the Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine now in Australia, we have not received any new reports of confirmed or probable TTS this year. The total number of TTS cases reported in Australia is 173. Of these, 149 (83 confirmed, 66 probable) were related to a first dose of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) and 24 (5 confirmed, 19 probable) to a second dose. There has been no change in the reporting rates for ITP, GBS or TTS this year but we continue to monitor for reports to identify new information about these risks.

Myocarditis and pericarditis with mRNA vaccines

ATAGI continues to emphasise that the protective benefits of the mRNA vaccines far outweigh the rare risk of these side effects in all eligible age groups.

Current evidence tells us the risk of myocarditis and other heart effects is much higher after COVID-19 infection than after COVID-19 vaccination.

ATAGI has advised that people who develop myocarditis attributed to their first vaccine dose should defer further doses of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and discuss this with their treating doctor.

For those with suspected pericarditis after a first dose, future dose recommendations depend on test results and the person’s age and sex. Refer to expert Guidance on myocarditis and pericarditis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccines for more information.

What are myocarditis and pericarditis?

Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart, and pericarditis is inflammation of the membrane around the heart. They can occur as rare adverse events after vaccination with the mRNA vaccines Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna).

When do myocarditis and pericarditis occur?

Cases typically occur within 10 days, with symptom onset often within 5 days of vaccination. Some published evidence found pericarditis symptoms may occur later, commonly 2-3 weeks after vaccination. Our analysis indicates that most of the patients with likely myocarditis experienced symptoms within 3 days of vaccination.

Who is at risk of these heart problems?

Myocarditis is more commonly reported after the second dose in 12-17 year-old boys (13 cases per 100,000 Comirnaty doses and 21 cases per 100,000 Spikevax doses) and men under 30 (9 cases per 100,000 Comirnaty doses and 22 cases per 100,000 Spikevax doses). However, even in this population it remains rare.

Pericarditis is reported in about 2 in every 100,000 people who receive an mRNA vaccine. It is reported more often after the Nuvaxovid (Novavax) vaccine, with about 12 reports for every 100,000 doses administered, most commonly in males aged 18-49 years old. The pericarditis rate for Nuvaxovid is less certain than for Comirnaty and Spikevax due to the low numbers of Nuvaxovid vaccine doses given.

Do myocarditis and pericarditis occur after a booster dose?

Myocarditis and pericarditis can occur after a booster dose but this is rare. Australian and international data indicate that myocarditis and pericarditis are reported less commonly after a booster dose than after a second dose. The rate of reporting of myocarditis and pericarditis is less than 1 in every 100,000 people after a booster dose. There is no indication that these events are more serious than after earlier doses.

To 21 August 2022, from approximately 14.2 million people who have received booster doses, we have received 51 reports of likely myocarditis and 94 reports of likely pericarditis for Comirnaty (Pfizer) and 21 reports of likely myocarditis and 20 reports of likely pericarditis for Spikevax (Moderna). The median age of affected individuals was 32 years old.

How serious are myocarditis and pericarditis?

Myocarditis is often mild, and cases usually resolve after a few days with treatment and rest. A recent Australian study of adolescents who presented to hospital with vaccine-associated myocarditis found the average length of stay in hospital was 2 days.

Our latest analysis of data from adverse event reports has found 56% of the patients with likely myocarditis and 19% with likely pericarditis were admitted to hospital. Eleven people with myocarditis and 4 people with pericarditis were treated in intensive care. This represents less than 1% of all likely cases.

What myocarditis and pericarditis symptoms should I look out for?

We encourage people to seek medical attention if they experience symptoms that could suggest myocarditis or pericarditis. This includes chest pain, palpitations (irregular heartbeat), fainting or shortness of breath, particularly if they occur within 1-5 days of vaccination.

What does the TGA know about myocarditis and pericarditis in Australia?

Reports received by the TGA of suspected myocarditis and pericarditis for the 2 mRNA vaccines are provided in Table 1. We have reviewed these reports against an internationally accepted criteria to classify the likelihood of myocarditis. This assessment does not determine whether cases have been caused by vaccination.

Reporting rates of likely myocarditis and pericarditis appear similar to overseas rates and are given in Table 2 and Table 3.

Reports of suspected myocarditis and pericarditis

Table 1. Reports of suspected myocarditis and pericarditis received by the TGA to 21 August 2022^¥

		Comirnaty (Pfizer) (43.7 million doses given)		Spikevax (Moderna) (5.3 million doses given)
		All cases	Cases in adolescents (12-17 years)	All cases	Cases in adolescents (12-17 years)
Suspected myocarditis cases*		1,394	226	195	32
Likely myocarditis†‡	Level 1	50	8	2	0
	Level 2	486	145	87	22
	Level 3	138	11	17	3
Unlikely myocarditis		385	32	43	3
Insufficient information		335	30	46	4
Suspected pericarditis cases		2,799	182	294	14
Likely pericarditis£		1,030	77	102	3

Notes for Table 1

* Cases reporting both myocarditis and pericarditis are included in suspected myocarditis cases.

¥ The total number of reports can fluctuate slightly over time as duplicate reports may be identified and deleted and cases may be reclassified after receiving more information. We recently received additional reports classified as likely myocarditis following a retrospective review of data by one of the state health authorities. While this has increased the total number of myocarditis cases, it has had little effect on the overall rates of this event.

‡ Cases classified as level 1 are confirmed to be myocarditis based on strong clinical evidence including the patient’s symptoms, and results of tests and imaging indicating a diagnosis of myocarditis. Level 2 cases are probably myocarditis based on a combination of symptoms and routine tests for heart conditions. Level 3 cases are possibly myocarditis based on symptoms and a doctor’s report that myocarditis is the most likely diagnosis in the absence of medical tests and investigations. For all cases of suspected myocarditis, where possible, other known causes of the patient’s symptoms or test results are ruled out before cases are classified.

† The youngest case classified as 'likely myocarditis' to date is 6 years old.

£ Classification of likely pericarditis is based on the patient’s symptoms and test results and the absence of other known causes of pericarditis.

Rates of likely myocarditis

Table 2. Rates of likely myocarditis cases following Comirnaty (Pfizer)^‡

Age (years)	All doses		Second doses
	Rate* per 100,000 doses		Rate* per 100,000 doses
	Male	Female	Male	Female
5-11	0.3	0.1	0.2	0
12-17	8.0	1.8	13.1	2.8
18-29	5.0	1.5	9.0	2.6
30-39	2.3	0.9	3.0	1.0
40-49	0.8	0.9	1.4	1.7
50-59	0.7	0.3	0.7	0.3
60-69	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4
70+	0	0.1	0	0.4
All ages*	2.3	0.8	4.6	1.5

Table 3. Rates of likely myocarditis cases following Spikevax (Moderna)^†

Age (years)	All doses		Second doses
	Rate* per 100,000 doses		Rate* per 100,000 doses
	Male	Female	Male	Female
12-17	11.0	2.9	21.3	5.0
18-29	10.2	1.8	22.3	4.8
30-39	3.1	0.5	5.0	0
40-49	1.4	0.6	1.6	2.0
50-59	0.7	1.4	2.0	5.0
60-69	0	0.2	0	0
70+	0	0.1	0	0
All ages*	3.1	0.9	11.0	2.9

Notes for Table 2 and Table 3

* The rate includes cases of myocarditis that occurred after vaccination but may not be vaccine related.

‡ To 21 August 2022, from about 2.3 million vaccine doses given, 4 likely cases of myocarditis have been reported in children aged 5-11 years following vaccination with Comirnaty (Pfizer).

† The rates for Spikevax (Moderna) are less certain due to low numbers of cases overall and small changes in case number can lead to fluctuations in the rates for different groups.

Rates of likely pericarditis

Table 4. Rates of likely pericarditis cases following the mRNA vaccines

Age (years)	Rate* per 100,000 doses
	Comirnaty (Pfizer)	Spikevax (Moderna)
5-11‡	0.3	-
12-17	2.3	0.9
18-29	3.7	4.4
30-39	4.0	4.4
40-49	2.5	2.1
50-59	1.4	0.7
60-69	0.6	0.2
70+	0.2	0
All ages*	2.4	1.9

Notes for Table 4

* The rate includes cases of pericarditis that occurred after vaccination but may not be vaccine related.

‡ To 21 August 2022, from about 2.3 million Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine doses given, 1 probable and 6 possible cases of pericarditis have been reported in children aged 5-11 years. No cases of pericarditis have been reported following Spikevax (Moderna) in this age group.

† Correction: In the last report published on 11 August 2022, the rate of likely pericarditis cases following the Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine was 2.4 per 100,000 doses not 2.3 per 100,000 doses.

For more information, see guidance on myocarditis and pericarditis developed by ATAGI and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ).

Useful links

Watch this video to find out how the TGA monitors and reports the safety of COVID-19 vaccines

COVID-19 vaccines: Frequently asked questions - 17 August 2022

COVID vaccines - is it true? - 8 July 2022

ATAGI recommendations on COVID-19 vaccine use in children aged 6 months to <5 years - 3 August 2022

ATAGI recommendations on winter COVID-19 booster doses - 7 July 2022

AusVaxSafety study affirms safety of COVID-19 vaccines in real-world conditions - 21 August 2022

Should my child get a COVID-19 vaccine? A decision aid for parents and carers

AusVaxSafety: Children experience fewer side effects from COVID-19 vaccine

AusVaxSafety: Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine safety data - Child participants

COVID-19 vaccines do not cause infertility - 21 April 2022

Latest advice on COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant and breastfeeding women

TGA COVID-19 vaccines hub

Australian Government Department of Health COVID-19 vaccines hub

COVID vaccine information in your language

Database of Adverse Event Notifications (DAEN)